D004700C19Endocrine DiseasesAandoening, endocrieneblaD000307C19.053Adrenal Gland DiseasesAandoening, bijnieren-blaD000303C19.053.098Adrenal Cortex DiseasesAandoening, bijnierschors-blaD000306C19.053.098.265Adrenal Cortex NeoplasmsGezwel, bijnierschors-Tumors or cancers of the cortex of the adrenal gland.D018246C19.053.098.265.500Adenoma, Adrenal CorticalAdenoom, adrenocorticaalA benign neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells resembling normal adrenal cells histologically but possessing functional autonomy. In general it does not exceed 5 cm in its largest dimension, although benign tumors exceeding 20 cm have been reported. Adrenal D018268C19.053.098.265.750Carcinoma, Adrenal CorticalCarcinoom, bijnierschors-A malignant neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells demonstrating partial or complete histological and functional differentiation. They are rare, comprising between only 0.05% and 0.2% of all cancers. Women develop functional adrenal cortical carcinomas more cD000308C19.053.181Adrenal Gland HyperfunctionHyperfunctie, bijnier-blaD003480C19.053.181.367Cushing SyndromeSyndroom, Cushing-A condition, more commonly seen in females, due to hyperadrenocorticism resulting from neoplasms of the adrenal cortex or the anterior lobe of the pituitary, or to prolonged excessive intake of glucocorticoids for therapeutic purposes. The symptoms and siD006929C19.053.181.604HyperaldosteronismAldosteronisme, hyper-An abnormality of electrolyte function caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. (Dorland, 27th ed)D001477C19.053.181.604.304Bartter's DiseaseSyndroom, Bartter-Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular cells, producing hypokalemic alkalosis and hyperaldosteronism, characterized by absence of hypertension in the presence of markedly increased plasma renin concentrations, and by insensitivity to the pressD000309C19.053.264Adrenal Gland HypofunctionHypofunctie, bijnier-Adrenocortical hypofunction includes all conditions in which adrenal steroid hormone secretion falls below the requirements of the body. Adrenal insufficiency may be divided into two general categories: (1) those associated with primary inability of the aD000224C19.053.264.263Addison's DiseaseAddison, ziekte vanA disease characterized by hypotension, weight loss, anorexia, weakness, and sometimes a bronze-like melanotic hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is due to tuberculosis- or autoimmune-induced disease (hypofunction) of the adrenal glands that results in defD000326C19.053.264.270AdrenoleukodystrophyDystrofie, adreno-leuko-An X-linked recessive leukodystrophy characterized by an abnormal accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in LYSOSOMES. It primarily affects the white matter of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the ADRENAL CORTEX. This disorder results from deD006994C19.053.264.480HypoaldosteronismAldosteronisme, hypo-Aldosterone deficiency, usually associated with hypoadrenalism, and characterized by hypotension, dehydration, and a tendency to excrete excessive amounts of sodium. A selective aldosterone deficiency resulting from low renin production is called hyporeniD000310C19.053.347Adrenal Gland NeoplasmsNeoplasma, bijnier-Tumors or cancer of the adrenal gland.D000306C19.053.347.265Adrenal Cortex NeoplasmsGezwel, bijnierschors-Tumors or cancers of the cortex of the adrenal gland.D000312C19.053.440Adrenal Hyperplasia, CongenitalHyperplasie, congenitale bijnier-A group of syndromes caused by inherited defects in cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and, in some types, ALDOSTERONE biosynthesis. Each of the several types that occur, such as simple virilizing forms (adrenogenital syndrome), salt-wasting forms, and virilizing D014884C19.053.904Waterhouse-Friderichsen SyndromeSyndroom van Waterhouse-FriderichsenA condition characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, petechiae, ARTHRALGIA, weakness, and myalgias followed by acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands and severe cardiovascular dysfunction. The syndrome is most often associated with meningococD001941C19.146Breast DiseasesAandoening van de borstblaD001943C19.146.170Breast NeoplasmsTumor, mamma-Tumors or cancer of the breast.D018567C19.146.170.260Breast Neoplasms, MaleTumor bij mannen, mamma-Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females. Two-thirds of patients present with intraductal carcinoma. The average age of onset is 60 years for men. OrchiectoD003557C19.146.170.630Phyllodes TumorTumor, fyllodes-A variant of mammary fibroadenoma, usually of large size, with an unusually cellular, sarcoma-like stroma.D005348C19.146.378Fibrocystic Disease of BreastMastopathie, fibrocystischeA chronic disorder comprising three variants which range from lesions consisting primarily of an overgrowth of fibrous tissue to those characterized by dominance of the proliferation of the epithelial parenchyma to a form of dysplasia characterized by botD006177C19.146.404GynecomastiaGynaecomastieExcessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state. (Dorland, 27th ed)D007775C19.146.556Lactation DisordersStoornis, lactatie-Disturbances of milk secretion in either sex, not necessarily related to pregnancy.D002640C19.146.556.217Chiari-Frommel SyndromeSyndroom, Chiari-Frommel-Persistent lactation and amenorrhea following pregnancy.D005687C19.146.556.439GalactorrheaGalactorroeExcessive or spontaneous flow of milk. The milk secretion persists irrespective of nursing. (Dorland, 27th ed)D008413C19.146.677MastitisMastitisInflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland.D008414C19.146.677.527Mastitis, BovineOntsteking, uier-, rundblaD003920C19.246Diabetes MellitusDiabetes mellitusA heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common.D016640C19.246.200Diabetes, GestationalDiabetes, zwangerschaps-Either symptomatic diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS).D005320C19.246.200.250Fetal MacrosomiaMacrosomie, foetaleA complication of several conditions including DIABETES MELLITUS and prolonged pregnancy. A macrosomic fetus is defined as weighing more than 4000 grams.D003921C19.246.240Diabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalDiabetes mellitus, experimenteleDiabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by pancreatectomy.D003922C19.246.267Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-DependentDiabetes mellitus, insuline-afhankelijkeDiabetes mellitus characterized by insulin deficiency, sudden onset, severe hyperglycemia, rapid progression to ketoacidosis, and death unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.D014929C19.246.267.960Wolfram SyndromeSyndroom, Wolfram-An hereditary association of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS.D003923C19.246.280Diabetes Mellitus, LipoatrophicDiabetes mellitus, lipo-atrofischeA disorder characterized by complete absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, insulin-resistant diabetes with little tendency to ketoacidosis, hyperlipidemia with subcutaneous xanthomatosis, hepatomegaly, and an elevated basal metabolic rate.D003924C19.246.300Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-DependentDiabetes mellitus, niet-insulineafhankelijkeDiabetes characterized by the ability to survive without ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. It is usually of slow onset and patients exhibit a tendency to obesity.D003925C19.246.312Diabetic AngiopathiesAngiopathie, diabetischeVASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.D017719C19.246.312.191Diabetic FootVoet, diabetischeUlcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vasculaD003930C19.246.312.382Diabetic RetinopathyRetinopathie, diabetischeRetinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and opD003926C19.246.357Diabetic ComaComa, diabetischblaD006944C19.246.357.490Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic ComaComa, hyperglykemisch hyperosmolair niet-ketotischA syndrome consisting of extreme hyperglycemia, serum hyperosmolarity and dehydration in the absence of ketosis and acidosis.D016883C19.246.390Diabetic KetoacidosisKetoacidose, diabetischeComplication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty aciD003928C19.246.402Diabetic NephropathiesNefropathie, diabetischeIncludes renal arteriosclerosis, renal arteriolosclerosis, Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome (intercapillary glomerulosclerosis), acute and chronic pyelonephritis, and kidney papillary necrosis in individuals with diabetes mellitus.D003929C19.246.447Diabetic NeuropathiesNeuropathie, diabetischePeripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditionD017719C19.246.447.250Diabetic FootVoet, diabetischeUlcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vasculaD009766C19.246.681Obesity in DiabetesObesitas bij diabetesblaD011236C19.246.774Prediabetic StateGesteldheid, prediabetischeblaD011254C19.246.820Pregnancy in DiabeticsZwangerschap bij diabeticiPreviously diagnosed diabetics that become pregnant. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL).D005320C19.246.820.570Fetal MacrosomiaMacrosomie, foetaleA complication of several conditions including DIABETES MELLITUS and prolonged pregnancy. A macrosomic fetus is defined as weighing more than 4000 grams.D004392C19.297DwarfismGroei, dwerg-The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (DWARFISM, PITUITARY).D003057C19.297.238Cockayne SyndromeSyndroom, Cockayne-An inherited syndrome phenotypically characterized by unusual facies (large ears and sunken eyes), growth failure, intellectual deterioration, loss of subcutaneous fat, pigmentary retinal degeneration, neural deafness, dwarfism, photosensitivity, optic atD003409C19.297.275CretinismCretinismeA condition due to congenital lack of thyroid hormone, marked by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones and soft parts, and lowered basal metabolism. It is the congenital form of thyroid deficiency, while MYXEDEMA is the acquiredD004393C19.297.312Dwarfism, PituitaryDwerggroei, hypofysaireA form of dwarfism due to deficient release of SOMATOTROPIN which may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland.D013796C19.297.914Thanatophoric DysplasiaDysplasie, thanatoforeA severe form of neonatal dwarfism with very short limbs. All cases have died at birth or in the neonatal period.D004701C19.344Endocrine Gland NeoplasmsTumor, hormoonklier-Tumors or cancer of the endocrine glands in general or unspecified.D000310C19.344.078Adrenal Gland NeoplasmsNeoplasma, bijnier-Tumors or cancer of the adrenal gland.D000306C19.344.078.265Adrenal Cortex NeoplasmsGezwel, bijnierschors-Tumors or cancers of the cortex of the adrenal gland.D018246C19.344.078.265.500Adenoma, Adrenal CorticalAdenoom, adrenocorticaalA benign neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells resembling normal adrenal cells histologically but possessing functional autonomy. In general it does not exceed 5 cm in its largest dimension, although benign tumors exceeding 20 cm have been reported. Adrenal D018268C19.344.078.265.750Carcinoma, Adrenal CorticalCarcinoom, bijnierschors-A malignant neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells demonstrating partial or complete histological and functional differentiation. They are rare, comprising between only 0.05% and 0.2% of all cancers. Women develop functional adrenal cortical carcinomas more cD009377C19.344.400Multiple Endocrine NeoplasiaSyndroom, Multipele-endocriene-neoplasie (MEN)-A group of autosomal dominant, often overlapping diseases characterized by hyperplasia or neoplasia of more than one endocrine gland, many of which are made up of APUD cells. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)D018761C19.344.400.500Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1Syndroom type 1, multipele-endocriene-neoplasie-A rare syndrome characterized by hyperplasia and/or neoplasms of the pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreatic islets. Hyperparathyroidism occurs in 90% of the cases and is usually the first manifestation of the syndrome. The most frequent pancreatic D018813C19.344.400.505Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2aSyndroom type 2a, Multipele-endocriene-neoplasie-A type of multiple endocrine neoplasia characterized by a virtually 100% incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a 50% incidence of pheochromocytoma, and a lesser incidence of parathyroid adenomas associated with hyperparathyroidism. The condition is alD018814C19.344.400.510Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2bSyndroom type 2b, multipele-endocriene-neoplasie-A type of multiple endocrine neoplasia occurring as an isolated congenital presentation or as a distinct autosomal dominant disease. It is characterized by the 100% incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma and frequent pheochromocytomas; patients seldom eD009384C19.344.443Neoplastic Endocrine-Like SyndromesSyndroom, paraneoplastisch, endocrienEndocrine syndromes due to hormone production by neoplasms of non-endocrine tissue, or by other than the usual endocrine tissues. They are often the first indication of a previously undetected neoplasm.D000182C19.344.443.317ACTH Syndrome, EctopicSyndroom, ectopisch ACTH-Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.D015043C19.344.443.988Zollinger-Ellison SyndromeSyndroom, Zollinger-Ellison-A triad comprising intractable, sometimes fulminating, and in many ways, atypical ulcers; extremely elevated gastric acidity; and gastrin-secreting non-beta islet cell tumors, usually of the pancreas, but sometimes in other sites (e.g., the duodenum), whiD010051C19.344.455Ovarian NeoplasmsGezwel, ovarium-Tumors or cancer of the OVARY.D001144C19.344.455.265AndroblastomaBlastoom, andro-A neoplasm arising from the ovarian stroma. It commonly causes defeminization.D018310C19.344.455.265.500Sertoli-Leydig Cell TumorTumor, Sertoli-Leydig-cel-An ovarian tumor usually of low-grade malignancy occurring most frequently in the third and fourth decades, with 75% seen in women under 40. It is rare, representing less than .02% of ovarian cancers. The tumor typically produces androgens with virilizatiD006106C19.344.455.398Granulosa Cell TumorTumor, cel-, granulosa-An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen (ESTROGENS).D018311C19.344.455.464LuteomaLuteoomA benign ovarian tumor of granulosa or theca-lutein cell origin, producing progesterone effects on the uterine mucosa. (Stedman, 25th ed)D008539C19.344.455.531Meigs' SyndromeSyndroom, Meigs-Ascites and hydrothorax associated with ovarian fibroma or other pelvic tumors.D013798C19.344.455.765ThecomaThecoomA sex cord-stromal tumor of the postmenopausal ovary that is yellow, large, and unilateral, composed of fascicles of lipid-rich spindle cells interspersed with collagen, reticulin fibers, and hyaline plaques. Thecomas and other estrogen-producing tumors (D010282C19.344.525Parathyroid NeoplasmsBijschildklier, nieuwvorming van deTumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.D010911C19.344.609Pituitary NeoplasmsGezwel, hypofyse-Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secretD009347C19.344.609.585Nelson SyndromeSyndroom, Nelson-A syndrome characterized by increased skin pigmentation, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum levels of ACTH following adrenalectomy for CUSHING SYNDROME. The cause of this syndrome is expansion of an underlying D013736C19.344.762Testicular NeoplasmsGezwel, testis-Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.D013953C19.344.831Thymus NeoplasmsTumor, thymus-Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.D013964C19.344.894Thyroid NeoplasmsTumor, schildklier-Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.D016606C19.344.894.800Thyroid NoduleNodus, schildklier-A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of GOITER, NODULAR. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and moD006058C19.391Gonadal DisordersStoornis, gonadaleDisease of the ovaries and testes of any etiology.D000312C19.391.090Adrenal Hyperplasia, CongenitalHyperplasie, congenitale bijnier-A group of syndromes caused by inherited defects in cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and, in some types, ALDOSTERONE biosynthesis. Each of the several types that occur, such as simple virilizing forms (adrenogenital syndrome), salt-wasting forms, and virilizing D005262C19.391.301FeminizationFeminisatieblaD013734C19.391.301.699Androgen-Insensitivity SyndromeAndrogenenresistentie-syndroomA familial form of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; AR) gene. Severity of the dD017588C19.391.442HyperandrogenismAndrogenisme, hyper-A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations iD007006C19.391.482HypogonadismGonadisme, hypo-Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development.D005058C19.391.482.293EunuchismEunuchismeThe condition of being a eunuch or of having undeveloped sexual organs in which testicular hormones are not produced. (Dorland, 27th ed)D017436C19.391.482.600Kallmann SyndromeSyndroom, Kallmann-Congenital and familial disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, eunuchoidal features, and anosmia or hyposmia. It is caused by a defect in the synthesis and/or release of LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; GONADORELIN) from the D007713C19.391.482.629Klinefelter SyndromeSyndroom van KlinefelterA SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDER characterized by small testes, underdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics, infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE), hyalinization and fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules, and elevated levels of gonadotropin. Patients tend to hD010049C19.391.630Ovarian DiseasesZiekte, ovarium-blaD000858C19.391.630.050AnovulationOvulatie, an-Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans.D009869C19.391.630.450OophoritisOöforitisInflammation of an ovary.D010048C19.391.630.580Ovarian CystsCyste, ovarium-General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary.D011085C19.391.630.580.765Polycystic Ovary SyndromeSyndroom, polycysteus-ovarium-Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries.D016649C19.391.630.611Ovarian Failure, PrematureOvarium, prematuur functieverliesPremature failure of ovulation associated with hypergonadotropinism and hypoestrogenism in women under the age of 40. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and many cases are idiopathic. When follicles are present but the ovaries are unable to respondD016471C19.391.630.642Ovarian Hyperstimulation SyndromeSyndroom, ovariumhyperstimulatie-Syndrome composed of a combination of ovarian enlargement and an acute fluid shift out of the intravascular space. The enlargement is caused by ovarian cyst formation and the fluid shift may result in ascites, hydrothorax, or generalized edema. The syndroD010051C19.391.630.705Ovarian NeoplasmsGezwel, ovarium-Tumors or cancer of the OVARY.D001144C19.391.630.705.132AndroblastomaBlastoom, andro-A neoplasm arising from the ovarian stroma. It commonly causes defeminization.D018310C19.391.630.705.132.500Sertoli-Leydig Cell TumorTumor, Sertoli-Leydig-cel-An ovarian tumor usually of low-grade malignancy occurring most frequently in the third and fourth decades, with 75% seen in women under 40. It is rare, representing less than .02% of ovarian cancers. The tumor typically produces androgens with virilizatiD001948C19.391.630.705.265Brenner TumorTumor, Brenner-A tumor of the ovary whose structure consists of groups of epithelial cells lying in a fibrous connective tissue stroma. Brenner tumors are uncommon, representing less than 1% of all ovarian neoplasms.D006106C19.391.630.705.398Granulosa Cell TumorTumor, cel-, granulosa-An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen (ESTROGENS).D018311C19.391.630.705.464LuteomaLuteoomA benign ovarian tumor of granulosa or theca-lutein cell origin, producing progesterone effects on the uterine mucosa. (Stedman, 25th ed)D008539C19.391.630.705.531Meigs' SyndromeSyndroom, Meigs-Ascites and hydrothorax associated with ovarian fibroma or other pelvic tumors.D013798C19.391.630.705.765ThecomaThecoomA sex cord-stromal tumor of the postmenopausal ovary that is yellow, large, and unilateral, composed of fascicles of lipid-rich spindle cells interspersed with collagen, reticulin fibers, and hyaline plaques. Thecomas and other estrogen-producing tumors (D011628C19.391.690Puberty, DelayedPuberteit (ontwikkelingstoestand); vertraagdUnusually late sexual maturity.D011629C19.391.693Puberty, PrecociousPuberteit (ontwikkelingstoestand); vroegtijdigUnusually early sexual maturity.D012734C19.391.775Sex Differentiation DisordersStoornis, geslachtsdifferentiatie-Disorders in the differentiation process of gonadal tissues and organs during embryogenesis.D005611C19.391.775.260FreemartinismFreemartinismeA condition occurring in dizygotic twins of different sexes in cattle, when anastomoses of placental vessels permit interchange of hormones and cells during fetal life. The female calf is a sterile intersex due to passage of androgens from the male, and bD006059C19.391.775.309Gonadal DysgenesisDysgenesie, gonadaleA number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak gonads and dysgenetic testes. The spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOMES) constitution as shown by the karyotypes oD023961C19.391.775.309.193Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XXDysgenesie, gonadale, 46,XXThe 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis may be sporadic or familial. Familial XX gonadal dysgenesis is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and its locus was mapped to chromosome 2. Mutation in the gene for the FSH receptor (RECEPTORS, FSH) was detected. SpoD006061C19.391.775.309.388Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XYDysgenesie, gonadale, 46,XYThis type of gonadal defect is characterized by a female phenotype, normal to tall stature, bilateral streak or dysgenetic gonads, and a 46,XY karyotype. This XY gonadal dysgenesis is a heterogenous condition with variant forms resulting from a structuralD006060C19.391.775.309.391Gonadal Dysgenesis, MixedDysgenesie, gonadale gemengdeA type of defective gonadal development in patients with a wide spectrum of chomosomal mosaic variants. Their karyotypes are of partial sex chromosome monosomy resulting from an absence or an abnormal second sex chromosome (X or Y). Karyotypes include 45D014424C19.391.775.309.872Turner SyndromeSyndroom van TurnerA syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic women with a karyotype of sex chromosome monosomy (45,X or 45,XO), associated with the loss of a sex chromosome X or Y. Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated (streak) gonadD006546C19.391.775.316HermaphroditismHermafroditismeOriginally, a state characterized by the presence of both male and female sex organs. In humans, true hermaphroditism is caused by anomalous differentiation of the gonads, with the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue and of ambiguous morphologiD013734C19.391.775.316.313Androgen-Insensitivity SyndromeAndrogenenresistentie-syndroomA familial form of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; AR) gene. Severity of the dD011545C19.391.775.316.627PseudohermaphroditismHermafroditisme, pseudo-A condition in which the gonads are of one sex but one or more contradictions exist in the morphologic criteria of sex. Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal female with partial masculinization. MD017436C19.391.775.425Kallmann SyndromeSyndroom, Kallmann-Congenital and familial disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, eunuchoidal features, and anosmia or hyposmia. It is caused by a defect in the synthesis and/or release of LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; GONADORELIN) from the D007713C19.391.775.454Klinefelter SyndromeSyndroom van KlinefelterA SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDER characterized by small testes, underdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics, infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE), hyalinization and fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules, and elevated levels of gonadotropin. Patients tend to hD013733C19.391.829Testicular DiseasesZiekte, testis-blaD003456C19.391.829.258CryptorchidismCryptorchismeA developmental defect characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum. (Dorland, 27th ed)D009920C19.391.829.493OrchitisOrchitisInflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)D013736C19.391.829.782Testicular NeoplasmsGezwel, testis-Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.D014770C19.391.922VirilismVirilismeDevelopment of masculine traits in the female.D006628C19.391.922.468HirsutismHirsutismeExcess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is localized or generalized excess hair.D006946C19.458HyperinsulinismInsulinisme, hyper-Excessive secretion of INSULIN by the pancreatic islets, resulting in hypoglycemia. (Dorland, 28th ed)D009384C19.576Neoplastic Endocrine-Like SyndromesSyndroom, paraneoplastisch, endocrienEndocrine syndromes due to hormone production by neoplasms of non-endocrine tissue, or by other than the usual endocrine tissues. They are often the first indication of a previously undetected neoplasm.D000182C19.576.317ACTH Syndrome, EctopicSyndroom, ectopisch ACTH-Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.D015043C19.576.983Zollinger-Ellison SyndromeSyndroom, Zollinger-Ellison-A triad comprising intractable, sometimes fulminating, and in many ways, atypical ulcers; extremely elevated gastric acidity; and gastrin-secreting non-beta islet cell tumors, usually of the pancreas, but sometimes in other sites (e.g., the duodenum), whiD010279C19.642Parathyroid DiseasesBijschildklier, aandoening van deblaD006961C19.642.355HyperparathyroidismParathyroïdie, hyper-Abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid glands, which may be primary or secondary (HYPERPARATHYRODISM, SECONDARY). Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with neoplasia or hyperplasia. The excess of parathyroid hormone leads to alteration in fD006962C19.642.355.480Hyperparathyroidism, SecondaryParathyroïdie, secundaire hyper-blaD012080C19.642.355.480.645Renal OsteodystrophyDystrofie, renale osteo-Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease.D007011C19.642.482HypoparathyroidismParathyroïdie, hypo-blaD013746C19.642.482.700TetanyTetanieA disorder characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures. This condition is associated with unstable depolarization of axonal membranes, primarily in the peripheral nervous system. Tetany usuallD010282C19.642.713Parathyroid NeoplasmsBijschildklier, nieuwvorming van deTumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.D010900C19.700Pituitary DiseasesZiekte, hypofyse-Disorders of the anterior or posterior pituitary gland which usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of pituitary hormones. Pituitary mass lesions may also produce compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.D004652C19.700.320Empty Sella SyndromeSyndroom, Empty sellaA condition associated with underdevelopment or absence of the diaphragma sellae which allows herniation of the meninges into the SELLA TURCICA. The pituitary gland becomes compressed against the walls of the sella and the sella may enlarge. Female genderD006964C19.700.355HyperpituitarismPituitarisme, hyper-Inappropriate secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones. The most common hormones involved in over-secretion are SOMATOTROPIN (which may cause ACROMEGALY) and PROLACTIN (which results in HYPERPROLACTINEMIA). THYROTROPIN; luteinizing hormone (LH); CORD000172C19.700.355.179AcromegalyAcromegalieA disorder caused by excessive secretion of SOMATOTROPIN, characterized by bony enlargement of the face (especially prognathism), hands, feet, head, and thorax. Impaired glucose tolerance; HYPERTENSION; ARTHRITIS; diffuse hyperplasia of soft tissues; CARPD005877C19.700.355.528GigantismGigantismeThe condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts.D006966C19.700.355.600HyperprolactinemiaProlactinemie, hyper-Increased levels of prolactin in the blood, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the pituitary gland, and disorders which D007018C19.700.482HypopituitarismHypopituïtarismeDiminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPD003919C19.700.482.215Diabetes InsipidusDiabetes, insipidusA metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst.D018500C19.700.482.215.250Diabetes Insipidus, NephrogenicDiabetes insipidus, nefrogeneA polyuric disorder characterized by normal rates of renal filtration and solute excretion, but a persistent hypotonic urine. This condition is due to the failure of renal tubules to respond to antidiuretic hormones, such as vasopressin, to reduce urine D020790C19.700.482.215.375Diabetes Insipidus, NeurogenicDiabetes insipidus, neurogeneDeficiency of vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland. Clinical manifestations include extreme thirst, polydipsia, and reduced serum osmolality. Potential etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; post-neurosurgical states; HYPOTHALAMIC ND014929C19.700.482.215.960Wolfram SyndromeSyndroom, Wolfram-An hereditary association of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS.D004393C19.700.482.311Dwarfism, PituitaryDwerggroei, hypofysaireA form of dwarfism due to deficient release of SOMATOTROPIN which may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland.D007177C19.700.490Inappropriate ADH SyndromeSyndroom, inappropriate ADH-Hyponatremia and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of body fluids resulting from sustained release of VASOPRESSINS (i.e., antiduretic hormone) despite the absence of appropriate stimuli. Associated conditions include medication effect; MENINGITID010899C19.700.725Pituitary ApoplexyApolexie, hypofysaireSudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely COMA. The most common cause is hemorrhage (INTRACRD010911C19.700.734Pituitary NeoplasmsGezwel, hypofyse-Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secretD009347C19.700.734.585Nelson SyndromeSyndroom, Nelson-A syndrome characterized by increased skin pigmentation, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum levels of ACTH following adrenalectomy for CUSHING SYNDROME. The cause of this syndrome is expansion of an underlying D016884C19.750Polyendocrinopathies, AutoimmunePoly-endocrinopathie, auto-immuneAutoimmune disease affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and mucocutaneous candidiasis, while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypoparathD013952C19.813Thymus HyperplasiaHyperplasie, thymus-Enlargement of the thymus. A condition described in the late 1940's and 1950's as pathological thymic hypertrophy was status thymolymphaticus and was treated with radiotherapy. Unnecessary removal of the thymus was also practiced. It later becamD013959C19.874Thyroid DiseasesZiekte, schildklier-blaD005067C19.874.255Euthyroid Sick SyndromesSyndroom, sick euthyroidAbnormalities in thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, often simulating hypothyroidism, in euthyroid patients suffering some other illness, such as diabetes mellitus or liver cirrhosis.D006042C19.874.283GoiterStrumaEnlargement of the thyroid gland.D006043C19.874.283.300Goiter, EndemicStruma, endemischEnlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group, generally considered to be due to insufficient iodine in the diet.D006044C19.874.283.501Goiter, NodularStruma, nodulairAn enlarged thyroid gland containing circumscribed nodules within its substance. (Dorland, 27th ed)D006045C19.874.283.601Goiter, SubsternalStruma, substernaalAn enlarged thyroid gland where the enlarged gland is situated beneath the sternum. (Dorland, 27th ed)D006111C19.874.283.605Graves' DiseaseZiekte van GravesHyperthyroidism associated with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter resulting from production of an antibody directed against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, which acts as an agonist of TSH. (Braverman, The Thyroid, 6th ed, p648)D006980C19.874.397HyperthyroidismThyreoïdie, hyper-Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland.D006111C19.874.397.370Graves' DiseaseZiekte van GravesHyperthyroidism associated with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter resulting from production of an antibody directed against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, which acts as an agonist of TSH. (Braverman, The Thyroid, 6th ed, p648)D006981C19.874.410HyperthyroxinemiaThyroxinemie, hyper-Excess of thyroxine in the blood.D007037C19.874.482HypothyroidismThyreoïdie, hypo-The clinical syndrome that results from decreased secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. It leads to a slowing of metabolic processes and in its most severe form to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the skin, causing a nonpitting edD003409C19.874.482.281CretinismCretinismeA condition due to congenital lack of thyroid hormone, marked by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones and soft parts, and lowered basal metabolism. It is the congenital form of thyroid deficiency, while MYXEDEMA is the acquiredD009230C19.874.482.638MyxedemaMyxoedeemA condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy D018382C19.874.700Thyroid Hormone Resistance SyndromeSyndroom, schildklierhormoonresistentie-An inherited syndrome of peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, characterized by increased serum concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, increased thyroid hormone binding ratio, and normal to sligD013964C19.874.788Thyroid NeoplasmsTumor, schildklier-Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.D016606C19.874.788.800Thyroid NoduleNodus, schildklier-A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of GOITER, NODULAR. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and moD016606C19.874.800Thyroid NoduleNodus, schildklier-A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of GOITER, NODULAR. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and moD013966C19.874.871ThyroiditisThyroïditisblaD013967C19.874.871.102Thyroiditis, AutoimmuneThyroïditis, auto-immuneProgressive enlargement of the thyroid gland, often associated with hypothyroidism.D013968C19.874.871.900Thyroiditis, SubacuteThyreoiditis, subacuteSpontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland characterized by fever, weakness, sore throat, and painful enlargement of the thyroid gland.D013969C19.874.871.910Thyroiditis, SuppurativeThyreoiditis, suppuratieveInflammatory disease of the thyroid gland caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or flatworms.D013971C19.874.902ThyrotoxicosisToxicose, thyreo-The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone.D013958C19.874.902.905Thyroid CrisisCrisis, thyrotoxischeSudden and dangerous increase of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.D014383C19.927Tuberculosis, EndocrineTuberculose, endocrieneTuberculous infection of the endocrine glands.